R., 1967, Mechanism of earthquakes and nature of faulting on the midocean ridges, Jour. Strike-slip faults, which generally generate small seafloor vertical displacements, are generally considered unfavorable for tsunami generation. Depending on whether a particular area is compressed or extended by movement along the fault, the first motion p-wave will be upwards (positive) or downwards (negative), respectively. The first shock reveals a good deal about the nature of the fault. A., 1978, Seismicity and tectonics of the Ninety-east Ridge area: evidence for internal deformation of the Indian plate, Jour. An earthquake is defined as a sudden slip event along a fault in the subsurface. Stein, S., 1978, An earthquake swarm on the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and its tectonic implications, Royal Astron. Pho, H.-T., and Behe, L., 1972, Extended distances and angles of incidence of P waves, Seismol. Kanamori, H., 1970, Synthesis of long period surface waves and its application to earthquake source studies-Kurile Islands earthquake of October 13, 1963, Jour. R., 1968, Seismology and the new global tectonics, Jour. B., 1975, A student's guide to the use of P and S wave data for focal mechanism determination, Earthquake Notes 46, 29–38. The rupture starts at the hypocenter, indicated by a red star. E., 1965, An Introduction to the Theory of Seismology, 3rd ed. The fault has a finite width W and slips at an oblique angle (rake) relative to the strike direction. M., 1977, The motion of the ground in earthquakes, Sci. These results are useful for estimating the maximum length of potential fault ruptures and assessing seismic hazard.Boore, D. The maximum jumping distance can reach 20 km in an overlapping releasing stepover with low‐static frictional coefficients. The summation of rates obtained by this study is 49 mm/yr, well within estimates obtained by previous studies using independent techniques. The effect of steady‐state stress perturbations is stronger in an overlapping stepover than in an underlapping stepover. Considering such stress perturbation in dynamic rupture models leads to prediction of larger distance a dynamic rupture can jump over stepovers: over 15 km for a releasing stepover or 7 km for a restraining stepover, comparing with the 5 km limit in models with the same fault geometry and frictional property but assuming a homogeneous initial stress. Our long‐term fault models simulate steady‐state stress perturbation around stepovers. Here, we integrate a dynamic rupture model with a long‐term fault stress model to explore the effects of background stress perturbation on rupture propagation across stepovers along strike‐slip faults. Previous studies, based on field observations or numerical modeling with a homogeneous initial stress field, have suggested that stepovers more than ∼ 5 km wide would stop the propagation of rupture, but many exceptions have been observed in recent years. In our models we used the relative motion across the strike-slip fault as the boundary conditions and the driving force. other studies have shown that the fault dip also affects the shape of subsidence or uplift around the stepovers or bend. Large earthquakes on strike‐slip faults often rupture multiple fault segments by jumping over stepovers. The stress state remains dominantly strike-slip during the first 5.
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